Abstract: ΛCDM, the consensus cosmological model, is consistent with an enormous body of laboratory and cosmological data and describes the Universe from a very early burst of cosmic expansion and quantum fluctuations (inflation) to its present state of stars, galaxies and clusters and accelerated expansion. ΛCDM has enabled stunning progress in our understanding of the “astrophysical history of the Universe”, but it has also raised fundamental theoretical issues, from dark matter and dark energy to inflation and the multiverse. These issues offer both opportunities for advances as well as challenges to the basic cosmological framework.